1中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志编辑委员会耳科组,中华医学会耳鼻咽喉头颈外科学分会耳科学组,中华医学会整形外科学分会耳再造学组.先天性外中耳畸形临床处理策略专家共识[J].中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志,2015,50:182.

2 李辰龙,张天宇.先天性外中耳畸形的遗传及环境因素[J].国际耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志,2012,36:323.

3 Artunduaga MA,Quintanilla-Dieck ML,Greenway S,et al.A classic twin study of external ear malformations,including microtia[J].N Engl J Med,2009,361:1216.

4 Chisaka O,Musci TS,Capecchi MR.Developmental defects of the ear,cranial nerves and hindbrain resulting from targeted disruption of the mouse homeobox gene Hox-1.6[J].Nature,1992,355:516.

5 Qiao R,He Y,Pan B,et al.Understanding the molecular mechanisms of human microtia via a pig model of HOXA1syndrome[J].Dis Model Mech,2015,8:611.

6 Xu PX,Adams J,Peters H,et al.Eya1-deficient mice lack ears and kidneys and show abnormal apoptosis of organ primordia[J].Nat Genet,1999,23:113.

7 Lindsay EA,Vitelli F,Su H,et al.Tbx1haploinsufficieny in the DiGeorge syndrome region causes aortic arch defects in mice[J].Nature,2001,410:97.

8 Rowe TM,Rizzi M,Hirose K,et al.A role of the doublestranded RNA-binding protein PACT in mouse ear development and hearing[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2006,103:5823.

9 Ten BD,Brouwer A,Korving J,et al.Prx1and Prx2in skeletogenesis:roles in the craniofacial region,inner ear and limbs[J].Development,1998,125:3831.

10 Li CL,Chen Y,Shan J,et al.Phenotypic characterization and risk factors for microtia in East China,a case-control study[J].Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol,2014,78:2060.

11 王正敏.耳胚胎发育及颅底解剖基础[J].中国眼耳鼻喉科杂志,2008,8:132.

12 William J.Human embryology[M].America:Churchill Livingstone,2001.391~417.

13 Ozeki H.Development of the auricle and external auditory canal[J].Adv Otorhinolaryngol,2014,75:30.

14 Fuchs JC,Tucker AS.Development and Integration of the Ear[J].Curr Top Dev Biol,2015,115:213.

15 Bartel-Friedrich S.Congenital auricular malformations:description of anomalies and syndromes[J].Facial Plast Surg,2015,31:567.

16 Mallo M,Gridley T.Development of the mammalian ear:coordinate regulation of formation of the tympanic ring and the external acoustic meatus[J].Development,1996,122:173.

17 Mallo M.Formation of the outer and middle ear,molecular mechanisms[J].Curr Top Dev Biol,2003,57:85.

18 Nishizaki K,Anniko M,Orita Y,et al.Programmed cell death in the development of the mouse external auditory canal[J].Anat Rec,1998,252:378.

19 Niemann C,Horsley V.Development and homeostasis of the sebaceous gland[J].Semin Cell Dev Biol,2012,23:928.

20 Jahrsdoerfer RA,Yeakley JW,Aguilar EA,et al.Grading system for the selection of patients with congenital aural atresia[J].Am J Otol,1992,13:6.

21 Joseph M.Craniofacial microsomia[M].In:McCarthy JG,ed.Plastic Surgery.Philadelphia:W.B.Saunders Company,1990.3054~3100.

22 Ishimoto S,Ito K,Yamasoba T,et al.Correlation between microtia and temporal bone malformation evaluated using grading systems[J].Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg,2005,131:326.

23 Minoux M,Kratochwil CF,Ducret S,et al.Mouse Hoxa2mutations provide a model for microtia and auricle duplication[J].Development,2013,140:4386.

24 Minoux M,Rijli FM.Molecular mechanisms of cranial neural crest cell migration and patterning in craniofacial development[J].Development,2010,137:2605.

25 Luquetti DV,Heike CL,Hing AV,et al.Microtia:epidemiology and genetics[J].Am J Med Genet A,2012,158A:124.

26 Dixon J,Jones NC,Sandell LL,et al.Tcof1/Treacle is required for neural crest cell formation and proliferation deficiencies that cause craniofacial abnormalities[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2006,103:13403.

27 Minoux M,Rijli FM.Molecular mechanisms of cranial neural crest cell migration and patterning in craniofacial development[J].Development,2010,137:2605.

28 Yamaguchi TP,Bradley A,Mcmahon A P,et al.A Wnt5a pathway underlies outgrowth of multiple structures in the vertebrate embryo[J].Development,1999,126:1211.

29 Ishii M,Han J,Yen HY,et al.Combined deficiencies of Msx1and Msx2cause impaired patterning and survival of the cranial neural crest[J].Development,2005,132:4937.

30 Timmer JR,Mak TW,Manova K,et al.Tissue morphogenesis and vascular stability require the Frem 2protein,product of the mouse myelencephalic blebs gene[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2005,102:11746.

31 Schuknecht HF.Congenital aural atresia[J].Laryngoscope,1989,99:908.

32 Ishimoto S,Ito K,Kondo K,et al.The role of the external auditory canal in the development of the malleal manubrium in humans[J].Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg,2004,130:913.

33 Li C,Zhang T,Fu Y,et al.Congenital aural atresia and stenosis:surgery strategies and long-term results[J].Int J Audiol,2014,53:476.

34 Mallo M,Schrewe H,Martin JF,et al.Assembling a functional tympanic membrane:signals from the external acoustic meatus coordinate development of the malleal manubrium[J].Development,2000,127:4127.

35 Yin D,Li C,Chen K,et al.Morphological characteristics of external auditory canal in congenital aural stenosis patients[J].Am J Otolaryngol,2017,38:422.