1Wielinga E,Kerr A.Tympanosclerosis[J].Clin Otolaryngol,1993,18:341.

2Forseni F,Bagger D.Astudy of inflammatory mediators in the human tympanosclerotic middle ear[J].Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg,2001,127:559.

3Forseni F.Macrophages and possible osteolast differentiation in the rat bullar bone during experimental acute otitis media,with reference to tympanosclerosis[J].Otology and Neurotology,2001,22:771.

4Forseni F,Hultcrantz M.Possible inflammatory mediators in tympano-sclerosis development[J].Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol,2002,63:149.

5Kay D,Nelson M,Rosenfeld R.Meta-analysis of tympanostomytube sequelae[J].Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg,2001,124:374.

6Jassar P,Coatesworth A,Strachan D.Long-termventilation of the middle ear using a subannular tympanotomy technique:a follow-up study[J].The Journal of Laryngology and Otology,2004,118:933.

7Asiri S,Hasham A,al Anazy F.Tympanosclerosis:reviewof literature and incidence among patients with middle-ear infection[J].The Journal of Laryngology and Otology,1999,113:1076.

8Parker A,Maw A,Powell J.Intra-tympanic bleeding after grommet insertion and tympanosclerosis[J].Clinical Otolaryngology,1990,15:203.

9Sprem N,Branica S.Experimental hematotympanum-aspects to the tympanosclerosis development[J].Coll Antropol,2002,26:267.

10Less T,Williams K,Skinner D.Tympanosclerosis Grommets and shear stresses[J].Clinical Otolaryngology,1988,13:375.

11John DR.Tympanosclerosis inthe rat tympanic membrane:an experi-mental study[J].Laryngoscope,2002,112:1663.

12Forseni F,Eriksson A.Development of tympanosclerosis:can predict-ingfactors be identified[J].AmJ Otol,1997,18:298.

13Schiff M,YooI.Immunologic aspects of otologic disease,Aninterview[J].Laryngoscope,1985,95:256.

14Dursun G,Acar A.Human leucocyte antigens in tympanosclerosis[J].Otolaryngol,1997,22:62.

15Makiishi-shimobayashi C,Tsujimura T,Sugihara A.Expression of osteopontin by exudates macrophages in inflammatory tissues of the middle ear:a possible association with development of tympanosclero-sis[J].Hearing Research,2001,153:100.

16薛涛,邱建华,黄维国,等.鼓室硬化与听力的基础研究:骨形成蛋白在人中耳炎时中耳黏膜的表达和定位[J].中国临床康复,2005,9:104.

17Karlidag T,Ilhan N,Kaygusuz I.Comparison of free radicals and antioxidant enzymesin chronic otitis media with and without tympano-sclerosis[J].Laryngoscope,2004,114:85.

18Uneri C,Sari M,Akboga J.Vitamin e-coated tympanostomy tube insertion decreasesthe quantity of free radicalsintympanic membrane[J].Laryngoscope,2006116:140.

19Kemal G,Cingiz O,Ayse P.The anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic activities of seleniuminthe prevention of myringosclerosisinrats[J].The Journal of Laryngology and Otology,2002,116:426.

20Uneri C.Otorhinolaryngology:Myringosclerosis after ventilation tube insertion may be reduced with Vitamin E[J].Medical Devices&Sur-gical Technology Week,2006,30:294.

21Koc A,Uneri C.Genetic predispositionfor tympanosclerotic degener-ation[J].Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol,2002,259:180.

22Ferri M,Faggioli G.Is carotid stenosis correlated withtympanosclero-sis[J]?International Angiology,2004,23:144.

23De Carvalholeal M,Ferreira Bento R,Da Siva Caldas Neto S.Influ-ence of hyepercalcemia in the formation of tympanosclerosis in rats[J].Otol Neurotol2006,27:27.